Scientists uncover secrets of how taste functions
better understanding of taste and how it functions in nutrition.
By growing mature taste receptor cells outside the body and successfully keeping them alive for a prolonged period of time, researchers from the Monell Chemical Senses Centre could help scientists dramatically increase their understanding of the sense of taste.
"We have an important new tool to help discover molecules that can enhance or block different kinds of tastes," said principle investigator Nancy Rawson.
Understanding of the process of taste cell differentiation, growth and turnover has been hampered by the inability of researchers to keep taste cells alive outside the body in controlled laboratory conditions.
To address this long-standing problem, the Monell researchers utilised a novel approach. Instead of starting with mature taste cells, they obtained basal cells from rat taste buds and placed these cells in a tissue culture system containing nutrients and growth factors.
In this environment, the basal cells divided and differentiated into functional taste cells.
The new cells, which were kept alive for up to two months, were similar to mature taste cells in several key respects. A variety of methods were used to show that the cultured cells contain unique marker proteins characteristic of mature functioning taste receptor cells.
In addition, functional assays revealed that the cultured cells responded to either bitter or sweet taste stimuli with increases of intracellular calcium, another property characteristic of mature taste cells.
"Although scientists have tried for many years to maintain taste cells in a long-term culture system, it was commonly believed that these cells could not be kept alive for longer than about 10 days," said lead author Hakan Ozdener.
"Now, we have demonstrated that taste cells can be generated in vitro and maintained for a prolonged period of time."
The taste cell culture system provides new insight into how basal cells turn into functional taste cells. Although previous dogma had held that induction was somehow dependent on interactions with the nervous system, the current findings suggest otherwise.
"By producing new taste cells in an in vitro system, our results demonstrate that direct stimulation from nerves is not necessary to generate taste cells from precursors," said Ozdener.
By using the cultured taste cells, researchers now have more precise control over the cell's surrounding environment, as well as better access to subcellular mechanisms, allowing them to ask certain questions that could not previously be addressed. For instance, cultured cells can be used to study how taste stimuli interact to enhance good tastes or suppress unpleasant tastes.
Similarly, new molecules, including potential artificial sweeteners or bitter blockers, can be evaluated to see if they interact with taste receptors to activate the cell.
Researchers also hope to gain insight into how taste cell function changes across the lifespan, from infancy and childhood through old age. Although the current experiments utilised rat taste cells, Ozdener, Rawson, and colleagues intend to use taste cell biopsies from humans to try to grow human taste cells.
Monell scientists Karen Yee, Jie Cao, Joseph Brand and John Teeter also contributed to the research, which was supported by grants from the National Science Foundation and flavour firm Givaudan.
The findings are reported in an online issue of Chemical Senses.
